DOL Reports Surge in Child Labor Violations Amid Labor Market Pressures

In fiscal year 2023, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) identified 5,792 minors employed in violation of labor laws, marking an 88% increase since 2019. This surge has been attributed to factors such as a tight labor market, economic pressures on families, and an influx of unaccompanied minors seeking employment. In response, the DOL has intensified enforcement efforts, resulting in over $8 million in penalties assessed in 2023, an 83% increase from the previous year. Notably, investigations have uncovered minors working in hazardous conditions, including meatpacking facilities and manufacturing plants. This trend has prompted legislative discussions and initiatives aimed at strengthening child labor protections.

The DOL's Wage and Hour Division concluded 955 investigations with child labor violations in fiscal year 2023, involving 5,792 minors. This represents a 14% increase in investigations and an 88% increase in minors employed in violation since 2019. Penalties assessed totaled over $8 million, an 83% increase from the previous year. Additionally, the DOL found 502 minors employed in hazardous occupations in fiscal year 2023, a 38% increase from the previous year.

In February 2023, Packers Sanitation Services Inc. (PSSI) was fined over $1.5 million for employing more than 100 children, some as young as 13, in hazardous jobs at 13 meatpacking plants across eight states. In January 2025, the DOL reached an agreement with JBS USA, wherein the company agreed to provide $4 million to assist individuals and communities affected by unlawful child labor practices.

The rise in child labor violations has significant societal implications. Families facing economic hardships may feel compelled to have their children contribute financially, leading to increased vulnerability to exploitative labor practices. Employment during school hours or in hazardous conditions can hinder a child's education and development, perpetuating cycles of poverty. Minors working in hazardous conditions are at increased risk of injury, which can have long-term health consequences.

In response to the surge in violations, several measures have been undertaken. The DOL has intensified enforcement efforts, including data-driven investigations targeting industries with high violation rates. An interagency task force has been established to improve outreach and training to combat child labor abuses. Some states have introduced bills to relax child labor laws, citing labor shortages. Since 2021, 10 states have proposed such legislation, raising concerns about potential increases in violations.

While the current figures are alarming, it's important to note that child labor violations have fluctuated over the years. The recent surge represents the highest levels in nearly two decades, indicating a pressing need for effective enforcement and legislative measures.

The significant rise in child labor violations underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to address the root causes, enhance enforcement, and strengthen legislative protections to safeguard minors from exploitative labor practices.